CHAPTER 3: History to 1800

3.5 The Baroque, Rococo and Classical Periods 1600-1800

3.5.1 The west

1.2. Higher cultures in the 17th & 18th centuries: 2: The Pantaleon

1 The First Generation: Ambition
2 The First Generation: Establishment
3 The Second Generation

[169]

2. The First Generation - Establishment

Returning to Germany in 1706, Hebenstreit was engaged at the Eisenach court as Master of both Chapel and dancing; in 1708 (114) or 1714 (115) the Elector of Saxony, King of Poland called him to Dresden as musicien de la chambre to play the Pantaleon at the enormous salary of 2000 écus (114).

Quoting Arthur Loesser, Nancy Groce gives the figure as 1,200 thalers p.a., comparing with J.S.Bach's earnings of 700 thalers p.a. (47).

In 1717, Johann Kuhnau, who at this time was in his late 50s, and Bach's predecessor at both the University and St. Thomas' Church in Leipsig, wrote a long piece to Mattheson in which he described, in rather flowery prose, bristling with French and Latin words, the delights which the Pantaleon afforded him and of some of its problems; Mattheson published the letter after Kuhnau's death, in the second volume of his Criticae Musicae Hamburg 1725. It merits quoting extensively because of its wealth of detail and interest. I have reduced the sentence lengths in the interests of readability, if at some cost to the somewhat eccentric style of the original:

'...My charming Pantaleon-cymbal is, next to the clavier, the most complete of instruments, having found special approval in your Orchestre [Mattheson's earlier book, Das Neu-eröffnete Orchestre, 1713) and for 12 years so far the instrument has infatuated me and tempted me to play it. Whenever I have delighted myself with its minor mode, for instance C, F, or G minor, and, my mood (die scenen) having changed for a while, I wish to try something using the sharp notes (Modis crucigeris) such as b, d#, f# and so on: then I always find one or another note (Clavem) needs to be corrected.

'Then again, when you strike, specifically, a bass note, the sound lasts a long time, like a sustained organ note, even though the strings are of gut; and it allows itself to discharge (absolviren) many passing-notes (Passagien) and resolutions of dissonance - which it does with the greatest mental voluptuousness - before it completely disappears ... On the other hand this happens much less with the middle and upper parts of the harmony, because all the notes are heard most distinctly in the shortest instants (?Sacher).

'Arpeggiating chords on it produces a delightful guzzling harmony, sounding all the more fully-voiced because of its great range (mine starts from 16' E, continues diatonically up to 8' G, then the chromatics start and reach up to e'"); and then again when you stop, the sound dies further and further away as if into the distance and down into Life.

'The only sad things are that:

'1. The instrument needs a very long body if the pull of the strings - particularly those of gut - is to be proportionate on every course;

'2. the lowest bridging is not yet worked out completely satisfactorily, so that there is some defect in the equality of the courses (?);

'3. it requires Herculean labour, and consequently has few students; those who do try it soon shy away from it (treten auf die Hinterfüsse) because so many rocks are strewn in their path, and particularly since there can be no promise of remuneration for such enormous efforts, nor the annual Pension of 1200 Kthlr. [Royal thalers?] which Monsr. Pantalon has. Nevertheless, this excellent Master of the Year sometimes allows himself to be heard before the King [or more likely, but further from Kuhnau's German: 'this excellent Master allows himself to be heard before the King once a year], and his virtù and indefatigable efforts certainly earn him this and more besides: Mons. Woulmyer mentioned to me that he once stayed with him in Berlin for about a quarter of a year, and was practising the instrument not only in the daytime but also most of the nights.

'This instrument also has the prerogative and advantage over the clavier that one can treat it with force ['play it forte'?] and then again piano and herein consists a great momentum dulcedinis & gratiae musicae. This is apart from the peculiar variations there may be in the tangents or beaters, sometimes bald, sometimes wound round with cotton-wool or some other such.

'About 20 years ago, at the time Monsr. Pantalon was still active as our Maitre de Danse [dancing master], the noble and excellent lutenist Count Logi organised a concertgen between Monsr. Pantalon, himself and me. The Count let himself be heard on his instrument in very learned preluding and with a beautiful and galant Partie with all inventive delicatesse as your Orchestre requires of one who commands the title of virtuoso and master: I too did what I could on my clavichord, for I was indeed in one mind with the Orchestre on this point, that such an instrument is best for a trial and for good expression of harmonie on the clavier even though it be quiet. At length Monsr. Pantalon did his tricks, and after showing his mastery [?-schass] of the music by preluding, fantasising, fuguing and playing all manner of caprices with the bare hammers, he covered the tangents with cotton wool and played a Partie Thereupon the Herr Count was beside himself, he led me out of his room above the hail, listened from afar and said: "What's all this then? I have been in Italy****, have heard everything of beauty that music has, but the like has never come to my ears." ' '( ****the musical world)'

(tr. D.K., E.S.)

"Doch aber finde ich auf meinen Pantalonischen Cimbal, welches charmante, und nächst dem Claviere vollkommenes, Instrument, das auch in ihrern Orchestre sonderlich Approbation gefunden, bissher mich wohl in die 12 Jahr bethöret, und zu seinem Exercitio angelocket, das wenn ich eine zeitland an denen mollen Modis, als C-F-G moll mich ergoset, ich immer einem und anderen Clavem zu Corrigiren finde, wenn sich die scenen auf einige Zeit verändern, und ich etwas mit denen Modus crucigeris, als H,Dis,Fis , versuchen will. Denn wenn man da fürnemlich einen Bass-Clavem anschlägt, so klingt er, ungeachtet es mit Darm-saiten bezogen, wie einer, der auf einer Orgel gehalten wird, lange nach, und lassen sich da viele Passagien und Resolution es der Dissonantien mit gröster Wolluft des Gemüths absolviren, ehe er ganzlich verschwindet, es thut auch dieser Nachklang einem bald darauf touchir ten tieffen Clavi nichts zum præjuditz, und mus das schwachere dem starcken gleich weichen, Vielweniger geschiehet durch das angenehme Nachsummen in Mittel oder Oberstimmen der Harmanie was zuwieder, weilman in den geschwindesten Sachen alle Claves distinctissime höret. Wennman aber in Accorden harpeggiret, weiches hier, weil das Instrument von grosser etendue ist, (meines sangt sich vom 16 füssige G. von welchem sich die Chromatischen zugleich mit ansangen, und gehet oben bis ins drey gestrichne e.) auf das vollstimmingste geschlehen kan, so gehet das lieliche sausen der Harmoni und da auch, wenn man aufhöret, der Klang noch immer wie von weiten nach und nach abnimmt, bis ins Leben hinein. Nur ist es Schade, dass 1. theses Instrumentem sehr langes Corpus haben will, wenn der Zug der Saiten, sonderlich deses aus Darmen, jeden Chore geimäss seyn soll; 2. die unterste Verstegung noch nicht so rightig ausgefunden, dass sich nicht einiges defect in des egalité der Chore tierfer thue; 3. Herculeum labore erfordet, daher auch wenig Studenten hat, und wenn sich gleich manche dazu einfinden, so treten sie doch bald wieder auf die Hinterfusse, wenn ihnen so viel Steinedes Anstossens im Weg kommen, sonderlich, da die sich den Lohn für so grosse Arbeit, oder die jährliche Pension von 1200 Kthlr. wie Monsr. Pantalon hat, nicht versprechen können. Ungeachte sich dieser excellente Meister des Jahrs etwann einmahl vor dem Könige hören lässet, verdienet doch seine Virtù unverdrossene Mühe, die er von Jugend auff, bis hieher, darauf gewendet, (es hat mir Mons. Woulmyer referiret, dass einsmahls ein viertel Jahr ohngef (sic) ehr bey ibm in Berlin gewesen, und ausser der Tag-Zeit auch die meisten Nächte (sic) mit demexercitio dieses Instruments zugebracht) theses, und noch ein mehrers. Dieses Instrument hat auch these Praerogativ und eigenschasst vor deinen Clavieren dass man es mit force (sic) und wieder piano, als worinnen ein grosses momentum dulcedinis & gratiae musicae bestehet, tractiren kan. Der sonderlichen Variation zu geschweigen, da die Tangenten oder Schägel bald bloss, bald mit Baum-Wolle oder was anders umwunden, gebrachten werden. Der wornehme und excellente Lautenist, der Graff Logi, stellte var 20 Jahren ohngefahr, und zu der Zeit, als Monsr. Pantalon noch bey uns einen Maitre de Danse agirte, einConcertgen zwischen ihm, diesen und mir, an. Der Graff liesse sich aug seinem Instr. wie es ihr orchestrae von einem, der den Nahmen eines Virtuosen und Mersteri behaupten will, erfordert, in sehr gelehrten praeludiren, und mit einer schönen und galanten Partie, mit aller erfinnlichen delicatesse, hören: Ich that auch, was ich auf meinen Clavicordio vermochte, und war schon damahls mit dem Orchestre in diesem Stücke einerlen Meinung, dass ein solches, ob gleich stilles, Instrument zur Probe und guten expression der Harmonie auf dem Claviere am besten diene. Endlich that Monsr. Pantalon seine Sprünge, und nachdem er uns seinen schass von der Music durch præludiren, fantasiren, fugiren und allerhand caprices mit dern blossen Schlägeln gewiesem hatte, verbandt er endlich die Tangenten mit BaumWolle, und spielte eine Partie. Da wurde der Herr Graff ganz ausser sich gesezet, er führte mich aus seinem Zimmer über den Saal, hörte von weiten zu, und sagte: en was ist das? Ich bin in Italia*** gewesen, habe alles, was die Musica schönes hat, gehöret, aber dergleichen ist mir nicht zu Öhren Kommen.

*** nota bene in puncto der musicalischen Welt.

Leipzig, den 8 Dec 1717

Johann Kuhnau (116)

Mattheson himself wrote a page about the Pantalon, in a complex and heavy style which is beyond the combined powers of Eva Selwood and the author to render in grammatical English, but he is clearly referring to the priviledged position of the instrument and its player, who is remunerated for tuning it as well as for playing it - though he only does so for half-an-hour now and then. (6).

In 1747 Christoph Schröter published a claim that he had, in 1717, the same year as Kuhnau was writing, invented two hammer-actions for a keyboard instrument, acknowledging the inspiration of Hebenstreit's Pantaleon, a sequence of events that has led many to say that the piano is a direct descendent of the dulcimer; in point of fact, Cristofori's invention of before l709 was already known in Germany, published in the same Critica Musica of 1725 (117).

In 1727, according to Marcuse (126) Hebenstreit had a row with Gottfried Silbermann, who had made his instruments hitherto, and the liaison ceased after a legal battle.

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fig. 104: MS, partial catalogue
of Hebenstreit's works,
Darmstadt library

In 1729, Hebenstreit was appointed director of the Protestant chapel music, and is little more heard of as a dulcimer-player; the Darmstadt Library had a number of his compositions but these were destroyed in the war, and all that remains are four small pages of a catalogue entry (fig. 104 ). These contain the opening bars of the Continuo parts of 13 Ouvertures (dated 1731-42, when he was already in his 60s and 70s), together with lists of movements and their scorings. The dulcimer is not mentioned in the lists, and although 'Pantalon' and 'Pantlon' appear at the top of two pages, this is hardly reason to suggest that the instrument was played in the works.